Cuba nation Report Essay Research Paper INTRODUCTION free essay sample

Cuba ( state Report ) Essay, Research Paper Presentation Cuba, biggest island of the West Indies, South of Florida of the United States and E of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. It structures, with grouped next islands, the majority rules system of Cuba. Cuba orders the two entrywaies to the Gulf of Mexico # 8212 ; the Straits of Florida and the Yucatan Channel. On the E, Cuba is isolated from the island of Hispaniola by the Windward Passage, a moving way between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The United States keeps up a maritime base at Guantanamo Bay in the sou-east. Havana is Cuba # 8217 ; s capital and biggest city. The island reaches out around 1225 kilometer ( around 760 myocardial areas of dead tissue ) from Cabo de San Antonio to Cabo Maisi, the western and eastern limbs, severally. The mean broadness is around 80 kilometers ( around 50 myocardial localized necrosis ) , with boundaries runing from 35 to 251 kilometers ( 22 to 160 myocardial dead tissue ) . The whole nation is 114,524 sq kilometer ( 44,218 myocardial dead tissue ) including the nation of the Isla de la Juventud, or Isle of Youth ( once called Isle of Pines ) and of different islands of the majority rules system. We will compose a custom exposition test on Cuba country Report Essay Research Paper INTRODUCTION or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Land AND RESOURCES Around one-fourth of the outside of Cuba is cragged or sloping, the parity comprising of level or turn overing territory. The cragged nations are dissipated all through the island and do non originate from a cardinal mass. The main extensions are the Sierra de los Organos, in the West ; the Sierra de Trinidad, in the cardinal part of the island ; and the Sierra Maestra, in the sou-east. The initial two extensions are under 914 m ( 3000 foot ) in stature ; the Sierra Maestra, which incorporates the Sierra del Cobre and Macaca scopes, is the best in tallness, mass, and degree, and contains Pico Turquino ( 2000 m/6561 foot ) , the most elevated point in Cuba. The greater part of the soil of Cuba is relatively fruitful. One of the exceptional common qualities of the island is the large figure of subsurface limestone caves, quite the caverns of Cotilla, arranged close to Havana. The greater part of the army streams of Cuba are short and unnavigable. The primary conduit is the Cauto, situated in the sou-east. The beach of Cuba is exceptionally sporadic and is indented by army bays and sounds ; the whole length is around 4025 kilometer ( around 2500 myocardial dead tissue ) . The island has a major figure of top of the line seaports, the main part of which are about completely landlocked. Critical seaports are those of Havana, Cardenas, Bahia Honda, Matanzas, and Neuvitas, on the northern beach, and Guantanamo, Santiago de Cuba, Cienfuegos, and Trinidad, on the southern coastline. Atmosphere The clime of Cuba is subtropical, the normal one-year temperature being 25? C ( 77? F ) . Limits of warmth and relative dampness, which normal 27.2? C ( 81? F ) and 80 for every centum, severally, throughout the late spring season, are tempered by the predominant northeasterly exchange air flows. The one-year precipitation standards around 1320 millimeter ( around 52 in ) . More than 60 for each centum of the downpour falls during the dampness season, which stretches out from May to October. The island lies in a section now and again crossed by vicious tropical storms during August, September, and October. Normal Resources The land and clime of Cuba favor agribusiness, and the state other than has significant mineral civilian armies. Nickel, chrome, Cu, Fe, and manganese sedimentations are the vast majority of import. Sulfur, Co, pyrites, gypsum, asbestos, unrefined petroleum, salt, sand, mud, and limestone local armies are other than misused. Every subsurface sedimentation are the assets of the specialists. Plants and Animals Cuba has an expansive grouping of tropical vegetation. Broad bit of grounds in the eastern piece of the island are, all things considered, forested. The most overarching types of trees are the thenars, of which Cuba has in excess of 30 sorts, including the regal thenars. Other autochthonal vegetations are mahogany, coal dark, lignum vitae, cottonwood, logwood, rosewood, cedar pine, mahoe, Passiflora quadrangularis, jaguery, baccy, and citrous organic product trees. Only two land warm blooded animals, the hutia, or stick rodent, and the solenodon, an uncommon insectivore, are known to be autochthonal. The island has army chiropterans and around 300 types of winged creatures, including the vulture, wild Meleagris gallopavo, quail, finch, blockhead, macaw, parrakeet, and hummingbird. Among the couple of reptilians are tortoises, the caiman, and a types of boa that can accomplish a length of 3.7 m ( 12 foot ) . In excess of 700 types of fish and scavangers are found in Cuban Waterss. Important among these are land pediculosis pubiss, sharks, garfish, robalo, ronco, eel, mangua, and fish. Various types of bugs exist, the most unsafe of which are the chigger, a kind of insect, and the Anopheless mosquito, bearer of the intestinal sickness parasite. Populace The Cuban populace is made up primarily of three gatherings. Roughly 66 for each centum of the populace is white and primarily of Spanish drop ; 22 for every centum is of arranged racial legacy and 12 for each centum is dark. Practically the entirety of the individuals are local conceived. More than 75 for every centum of the populace is delegated urban. The extreme specialists, introduced in 1959, has overall pulverized the solid cultural definition acquired from Spanish pioneer guideline. Populace Features, Religion, and Language The number of inhabitants in Cuba at the 1981 nose check was 9,723,605 ; the assessed populace in 1995 is 11,091,000, giving the express a populace thickness of around 97 people for every sq kilometer ( around 251 for each sq myocardial localized necrosis ) . Purported Roman Catholics have declined from more than 70 for every centum to around 33 for each centum of the populace since 1957. Among Protestants, around 1 for every centum of Cubans, Pentecostalism is the overall convention. Around 50 for each centum of Cubans view themselves as nonreligious. Spanish is the authority etymological correspondence of Cuba. Political Divisions and Principal Cities Cuba comprises of 14 states and the specific district of Isla de la Juventud ( Isle of Youth ) . The capital, biggest city, and principle port of Cuba is Havana ( populace, 1990 estimation 2,119,059 ) . Marianao ( 1981 more prominent city populace, 127,563 ) is a suburb of Havana and a sea shore resort. Other of import metropoliss and towns and their populaces incorporate Santiago de Cuba ( 418,721 ) , a significant safe house and modern focus ; Camaguey ( 286,404 ) , an inland travel intersection and business focus ; Holguin ( 232,770 ) , situated in a rich agrarian part ; Guantanamo ( 203,371 ) , a middle for the preparing of farming stocks ; Santa Clara ( 197,189 ) ; Cienfuegos ( 125,000 ) ; and Mantanzas ( 115,466 ) . Training School going to is compulsory and free for kids in Cuba between the ages of 6 and 12. During the late sixtiess around 10,000 new schoolrooms were given in provincial nations, going libraries were presented, and every single parochial school were nationalized. In the mid 1990s exactly 917,889 understudies went to grade schools, roughly 597,997 students were selected auxiliary schools, and around 314,168 students went to capable schools, teachers universities, and different schools. The state # 8217 ; s higher instructive foundations enlisted around 242,434 students ; the biggest college was the University of Havana ( 1728 ) . The state # 8217 ; s grown-up proficiency rate surpasses 95 for each centum. Culture Cuban development is a blend of Spanish and African customs. The mixing of the Spanish guitar and the African membranophone gives Cuban music its most run of the mill signifiers, the rhumba and the kid. A portion of its average folks music, all things considered, for example, the punto, the zapateo, and the guajira, has been enormously affected by European music. Noted Cuban creators incorporate the nineteenth century writers Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda y Arteaga and Julian del Casal and the advanced authors Alejo Carpentier and Jose Lezama Lima. The National Library in Havana is the biggest in Cuba and contains some 2.2 million volumes. Civil libraries work in Havana and the common capitals. The National Museum in Havana houses accumulations of both old style and current craftsmanship and relics of local developments. Other of import historical centers are the Colonial and Anthropological exhibition halls in Havana, the Emilio Bacardi Moreau Museum of regular history and craftsmanship in Santiago, and the Oscar M. de Rojas Museum in Cardenas. All libraries and exhibition halls are under the overseeing of the national specialists. In add-on, Cuban metropoliss bolster a collection of social exercises, for example, theater and show move. Economy The extreme specialists that picked up power in 1959 nationalized around 90 for every centum of the creation enterprises and nearly 70 for each centum of the cultivating region of Cuba. Once around 16 for every centum of the land was independently claimed, while the equalization was held in huge homes or by enormous sugar organizations. Creditss and appropriations from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) to Cuba totaled some $ 38 billion somewhere in the range of 1961 and 1984 and up to $ 5 billion yearly in the late eightiess. The surrender of the Soviet pivot, striping Cuba of its prima help suppliers and exchange life partners, managed a crippling hit to the state # 8217 ; s monetary framework as the 1990s started. In 1993 President Fidel Castro marked an order leting some free undertaking in excess of 100 exchanges and administrations. Agribusiness Cuba for the most part positions among the universe heads in sugar creation, and sugar stick is its biggest reap by volume and worth. In the mid 1990s the one-year sugar stick crop was around 58 million metric dozenss, and characteristic sugar final result was around 8 million met

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Usa – Seat Problem

1. As Doug Friesen, what might you do to address the seat issue? Where might you concentrate and arrangement endeavors? Why? The two significant reasons for seat abandons start with KFS, identifying with material defects and missing parts. The seat support issue is a far off third. As KFS is the party in question the circumstance should be tended to at their site. Utilizing the customary TMC first standard of ‘let’s go see it’ and afterward meet on the Five Why’s, Doug should visit KFS and review the assembling and QC process. By concentrating on revealing issues at the wellspring of the seats, it is likely there will be less issues at the TMM plant. The attention on QC at KFS might take out 113 of the 138 issues detailed between 14-30 April, 1992. For the time being, address the quick issue of the excess by accommodating requests with KFS to guarantee the build-up is cleared. This would require little asset and be a snappy success. 2. What alternatives exist? What might you suggest? Why? Disentangling the seats could diminish the issue since item multiplication seems to added intricacy to KFS producing process, however it’s far-fetched that the planners will accept this input as welcome given comparable issues are not looked at the Japanese plant. Overhauling the seat or supplanting effectively broken parts could diminish breakage and establishment issues, while preparing the staff to be increasingly cautious with establishment, or the KFS staff with get together, may likewise be an alternative. Supplanting the provider would be a high-hazard choice that would possibly be investigated if the issues at KFS were irreversible to such an extent that TMM had no other decision. While these alternatives may possibly address some portion of the issue, improving the QC procedure and afterward working in reverse from that point into the get together and fabricate at KFS will at last have the best single effect on creation productivity. 3. Where, if by any stretch of the imagination, does the ebb and flow routine for taking care of deficient seats go amiss from the standards of the Toyota Production System? One of the major fundamental standards of TPS was working in quality on the line. The revealing of imperfections at the seat get together point didn't have all the earmarks of being reliable and was just uncovered by talking group pioneers on the processing plant floor. Likewise, vehicles were accounted for as damaged at this point proceeded down the sequential construction system until fulfillment, where they were taken disconnected to hang tight for a substitution seat. No place else on the line were vehicles expelled because of imperfection: group pioneers or creation chiefs were answerable for settling issues while still in the mechanical production system. The explanations behind doing so seemed judicious, since the vehicle could be done with an inadequate seat, seats should have been requested from KFS and halting the line for such a protracted period would have diminished efficiency. One defect in the process was that there were blemishes that could be amended in the Code 1 facility. These blemishes could have been managed while on the sequential construction system and in this way decreased the weight in the center, while bringing issues to light of normal imperfections and their source prior all the while. The center didn't seem to have indistinguishable detailing duties from the sequential construction system since the board didn't know about the fundamental driver of the imperfections. 4. What is the genuine issue confronting Doug Friesen? Procedure and criticism the executives issues at TMM and quality control the board issues at KFS were the fundamental purposes behind the seat issues. In addition, the ‘jidoka’ procedure had been skirted in the seat establishment process, uncovering a potential shortcoming in the creation line. Doug should execute an in-line endeavor at fixing seat issues preceding the referral to the Code 1 Clinic. Normal criticism from the center just as the mechanical production system would improve data straightforwardness and recognize the wellspring of deformities for the executives at the most punctual point all the while. At long last, similar procedures ought to be received at KFS and QC fortified impressively to evade the conveyance of deficient seats however much as could be expected. Since this is a basic way to situate conveyance, no seats should go to TMM without a careful QC test at KFS.

Using Customer Service Essay Samples

Using Customer Service Essay SamplesCustomer service essay samples are valuable tools for any writing course. Most students will be asked to take them on a test before they pass. These essays will help them learn how to express their ideas clearly and correctly. The essay is a tool that can lead a student through the skills that will enable them to write well when they enter into a writing class.One of the best things about writing these papers is that the student can review the examples many times, before it is even written. These examples are generally done at the beginning of the paper. Many students will fail this type of exercise because they are not familiar with the skills required to properly do this. However, they will never understand the importance of the exercises until they do them. One way to practice what you will be writing is to write an essay yourself.Creating a good customer service essay means that you must be able to think clearly, as well as find a story line. T here are many options available to you. You should use different methods to show how you have come up with the story.The next step is to begin to choose a good customer service essay sample. This is an easy task to do if you study other examples. You should choose one that has a good quality level and a good flow.Your essay should contain questions that relate to the topic, such as a question to answer. Make sure you can support your facts. It is also important to include a conclusion. This should be an explanation of how the case will help the reader make a decision.Customer service essay samples are designed to teach students how to write well. You may be asking, 'Why are they good?' Thestudent will be able to use the sample, and build upon it to write the perfect essay.Customer service essay samples are a valuable resource. They are simple to use and very effective. You should learn more about using these techniques to get yourself prepared for the writing test. By taking these s amples, you will be on your way to success.

Applying Ericksons Theory to Mary Shelley and Her Writing

Sherry Ginn’s â€Å"Science, Science Fiction, or Autobiography?† effectively uses Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development and the story of Shelly’s life background, to explain how Marry Shelly’s absence of maternal and parental upbringing caused her to implement the philosophies in the novel Frankenstein. Erikson’s theory says that there are eight human steps one will face from infancy to adult hood. The steps will approach as one confronts a conflict. If he/she can overcome the conflict, it will lead the individual to a higher physic development and become turning points in the individual life. A closer look at the novel coupled with Marry Shelly’s history, leads one to believe that many of the major themes in the novel Frankenstein are adapted from Marys own life. Sherry Ginn, in her critic identifies and refers to many examples to help illustrate her idea and portray the connection between the story of the novel and the li fe of the author. There are many critics on the book Frankenstein that are relatively accessible. However, what separates one critic from another is the author and his/her credibility. By glancing at Sherry Ginn’s life, it is clear that she is a creditable author. Sherry Ginn, received an MA and PhD General-Experimental Psychology. Another one of her major accomplishments is that she completed post-doctoral training at the East Carolina University School of Medicine. During her stay at Carolina University, she took part in women’s study classes.

Technology And Its Effects On Technology - 982 Words

The displayed photos are suggesting the audiences to picture how human’s life becomes less and less difficult because of the help of the technology. Less work means less energy spent. That is why humans become fatter and fatter. Analyzing the photos brings us to the assumption that the current humans have little to do. The robots have provided and offered their services intended to make human’s life better. Nguyen further criticizes that the over reliance on technology, which is in a way has made humans’ life more convenient is inevitably leading them to a dystopian society. The critic made somehow highlights the tension between technology and humanity. As predicted by Albert Einstein that technology will surpass humanity, people nowadays, for example, are getting more and more isolated behind their gadgets. Such phenomenon is very common today. People are more used to having contact through online messaging or chat even though they live in the same city or even stay in the same room. Becoming efficient, effective, and fast are what people treasure on technology today. This is not to say that technology always brings a negative impact. But what WALL∙E wants to illustrate is that the over reliance to technology will affect humans severely because it takes their humanity, leaving them dehumanized and insensitive. Mattie describes humans in Axiom as â€Å"isolated from others , each passenger is both imperial and insecure, sovereign over individual choices but subject to the ship’sShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Effects On Technology1411 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology and its Effects The term technology originated from the Greek word ‘technologia’. Technology refers to the use of machines and various tools that make our daily work lives simpler, easier and organized. The word also refers to the different tools, gadgets, and resources used by humans so as to help them control and adapt to their environment appropriately (Bridgman, 5}. Technology also refers to the knowledge of techniques and processes and is embedded mostly in machines used as factorsRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Technology971 Words   |  4 Pagesme, the technology is just like a door which brings me to an absolutely new world. It is also like a wire that connects me and the outside world. The first thing that I do before getting up and the last thing that I do before going asleep is checking my cell phone. Every day, I do homework, write blogs, send and receive emails, take photos, know about the latest news, and chat with friends with the aid of technologies. My attitude toward technology is complex. I am obsessed with technology which makesRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Technology1220 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome more and more dependent on technology. I myself have watched it invade my home and become an essential part of my life. Almost every household in the United States in connected to social media in some way. Many of us have become so dependent on it that we feel like we’ve lost a part of ourselves when we lose out phones. Technology has given us the power to make major leaps in medicine, communication and entertainment. With all of this wonderful new technology it makes me wonder, is it affectingRead MoreEffects Of Technology On Technology1622 Words   |  7 Pagesmany countries have transformed into a modern society completely. Human beings invent many technologies to meet their own needs and for society. Technology has created a lot of comfort for humans, but because of this convenience, people are increasingly dependent on technology. The technology that influences humans today is computers, including smartphones. Computers are one of the most advanced technologies that people made. It has a variety of capabilities that can be used in various tasks, learningRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Technology Essay1098 Words   |  5 Pagesother hand, this total inclusion of and reliance on technology in the classroom has seemingly led students to become dependent on it. For example, when reviewing various writing assignments, Ms. I found that a vast majority of her students neglected to capitalize the word â€Å"I.† When asking her students about it, they stated that Microsoft Word often corrects their mistake so they grew accustomed to not having to worry about it since the technology they used always corrected it for them. However, GoogleRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Technology957 Words   |  4 PagesAre we becoming way too dependent on technology and allowing it to take over our li ves? The majority of people own at least one or more of these devices: a computer, laptop, tablet, or a cell phone. So many people seem unable to function through their daily routine without having access to some form of technology device. I’m willing to bet that you have at least two of these devices in your home, too. Now, stop and think about how often we use technology devices throughout the day. As a result ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Technology744 Words   |  3 PagesChildren are growing up with all this technology interfering with the childrens childhood and health. Parents should limit screen time for their children two hours a day. Technology is over powering our world today. Parents shouldnt introduce technology to their childrens life quite yet wait until the children are at least three or four years of age. The use of digital device during a young age can interfere with the childs health. If the children are exposed to digital devices when they areRe ad MoreTechnology : The Effects Of Technology And Society1283 Words   |  6 Pages The effects of technology with society has beneficial impacted the way we live. With technology is providing many advantages, but also it has some disadvantages it has on children and adults. There is little room for people that wish to live without technology, moreover than living the way they did in the old days. Technology has its advantages, it’s has changed the way people have communicated by email, social media, the way traveling has improved. Have you ever heard the saying ‘Children are bornRead MoreTechnology Effects On Society : Technology Essay1986 Words   |  8 PagesTechnologies Effects on Society We are all guilty of constantly looking down at our phones looking to fill the void of an awkward silence or just to make the time go by faster. We become oblivious to the notifications. We find ourselves scrolling through an endless list of emails, reminders, and checking the likes we get on our latest Instagram post. We become wrapped up and lose track of valuable time because we are so engrossed in things that should be of little importance to us. It is no secretRead MoreEffects of Technology925 Words   |  4 PagesApril 20, 2011 Effects of Technology Miguel Angel Rodriguez Effects of Technology Technology has been a great impact in our lives. It has quickly developed and continues to expand in our lives. As new generations develop, new technological devices continue to develop as well. Some believe that technology has had a good impact in our lives like Richard Woods. Others like me believe that technology brings a lot of negative effects to our personal and social lives as Sarah Kershaw mentions. We

The family free essay sample

The ‘family’ is generally regarded as a major social institution social unit created by blood, marriage or adoption giving us a sense of belonging (The Vanier Institute of the Family, 1994 pg. 6). The family is an institution that has evolved and changed over time from a social unit that was formed for mainly economic reasons to one that mainly provides for emotional needs of its members. This can be seen after observing the past and present of survival, children, and marriage of families throughout history. The earliest families were known as the hunter-gatherers. The invention of the family ensured survival and emotional needs of the members were not an issue. With the family came a division of labor, food-sharing, long term relationships of reciprocity and obligation (Conway, 1997 pg. 11). A recent case study has shown that hunter gatherer families still exist today. The Urueu-Wau-Wau community in Brazil has become a living museum of the hunter gatherer family lifestyle (Holloway, 2003 pg. We will write a custom essay sample on The family or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 12). The members of the tribe do not wear clothes, they live in small villages, and the roles of men, women and children are clearly defined and are taught by the community elders, who are of higher status. This is very similar to the past hunter gatherer families. Apart from the scant amount of hunter gatherer families that still exist, â€Å"family† has changed from a unit formed to ensure survival to a unit where emotional needs are fulfilled. Children were viewed as an economic investment because they were able to work the lands there parents owned. Agriculture enabled our ancestors to provide much more food, but it also required a great deal of labor. These two factors resulted in larger families, because more people were needed to work the land and tend to the animals. A family could also acquire more land and become wealthier as a result. Pre industrial families, children were an economic necessity during a time when less than 50% of them reached adulthood (Holloway, 2003 pg. 15). Childhood as a period of innocence did not exist and by the age of 7 or 8, they began to assist in the economic activities of the family. Young adults would work in other families, boys would work on a farm or become an apprentice in a trade or craft, and girls would do household work. In the past, marriage was a big economic step for a family. For the agricultural families, arranged marriages with young women ensured that the family would produce more children. These children were now viewed as an economic asset because they could work on the land. For the pre-industrial families, marriage was also an economic necessity rather than an expression of a couple’s love for each other. This is because in the 1600s and 1700s there was no work available for single women and no housekeepers for single men (Holloway, 2003 pg. 15). Nowadays, it is no longer essential to marry to obtain social standing, or for mutual economic support, or even to have intercourse and children. Relationships based on love are becoming the new ideal and according to many reports, the norm (Bibbly, 2001 pg. 22). In today’s society, basic needs are fulfilled independently and family has become a tool to quench and balance emotional needs of support, trust, friendship etc.  unlike the past where families were built solely to survive and prosper economically. Nowadays children are viewed as an expense. As society advanced, parents now have to pay for their children’s education, food, shelter, clothing etc. and there are strict laws against child labor which result in having children more of an expense rather than an economic investment like the past. Marriage is now based on the love a couple has for each other and the family has become more of a psychological unit that people chose to form in order to meet their social and emotional needs (Conway, 1997 pg. 22).

Undocumented Childhood in the United States

Introduction Each year, over 65.000 students graduate from American high schools. However, these students, regardless of their grades, cannot join colleges or work in the military just because they are first grade immigrants. Culturally, these students are Americans because there is very little they share with the country of birth of their parents (Immigration Policy Center, 2011). These students are bi-cultured and are quite often very fluent in English. Most of these children only get to know that they are undocumented immigrants at the time when they apply for the driver’s license. This is the time when it dawns on them that they lack social security numbers and other requisite documents that are needed during application for either driving license or a college entry. Many of the undocumented children are discouraged from applying to college and only 5-10% of them apply to join colleges. This research paper seeks to discuss policies regarding undocumented children in the United States focusing on education. The research paper will describe and analyze policies that touch on undocumented children including the policies’ social and political history. The research will bring into focus how the policies impact undocumented children and their individual families. Description and analysis of the policy on undocumented children In 1994, Proposition 187 was initiated in California to limit immigrants from accessing public services including education, health care services, and welfare benefits. This was specifically targeted on undocumented children. This proposition was passed by a large margin of the electorate (Petronicolos and New, 1999). The courts however immediately blocked enforcement of the statutes. It was until 1997 that the Federal District Court found the provisions of Proposition 187 unconstitutional. Proposition 187 negatively affected Latino children who got embroiled in culture wars (Lopez, 2005). These children had to remain hostages of immigration crisis. Proposition 209, which was a voter initiative sought to exclude undocumented children from taking part in certain activities like public education. At this point in time, complex issues that touched on the youths legal and human rights became subject of cost-benefit analysis. During these debates, issues related to tax burden and crime was raised to the consternation of everyone. Conservatives were bent on excluding undocumented children from public schools, a move that liberals opposed. However, the explanations from both sides seemed to be based on mental state of emergency where reflection and sustained reasoning were never given chance to flourish. Therefore, cultural prejudice and legitimacy of economic self-interest carried the day. It therefore became a presumption that undocumented children should have no right at all or plainly put, had no right, leave alone the right to attend public schools. The court ruling declared Proposition 187 unconstitutional. Gallegly Amendment (H.R. 1377) that would have made Proposition 187 a federal law was dropped under presidential veto. The congress in 1996 passed Immigration in the National Interest Act. It was the House of Representatives that passed the Amendment sponsored by Elton Gallegly on March 20th 1996. The Amendment later became popular as Gallegly Amendment. However, all these developments have to date not guaranteed undocumented children their civil and constitutional rights. Legislations that have been initiated in the recent past that emphasize self-sufficiency, limits immigrants access to welfare benefits. In fact, they are discouraged from seeking social benefits even if they stand to qualify. Supreme Court has not helped the course of immigrants and undocumented children because they remain ambivalent about status of education. Other than California, Texas also had laws that touched on undocumented school-aged children access to free public education. Texas allowed United States citizens and legally admitted aliens to access free public education. This can be confirmed in Plyler v. Doe (1982) when Justice Brennan held that illegal aliens also enjoy the benefits of equal protection clause. The judge of the Supreme Court also held that if Texas were to deny certain group of children access to free public education that other children residing within the borders of Texas were enjoying, then this had to be justified by the state by showing that it furthered some substantial state interest. The pretext of saving that was alluded to by Texas state officials as the reason for denying undocumented children access to education was dismissed by Justice Brennan who held that they were so insubstantial in light of the costs involved to these children, the state and the nation. The 14th Amendment held that denying some persons educational opportunities on racial basis is an invidious and irrational bias that amount to suspicious classification (Hogan and Hartson, 2009). In the ruling, the court adduced that denying one education subjects them to inestimable toll on social, economic, intellectual, and psychological well being. The court further reiterated that by denying these children access to education, a lifetime hardship was being imposed on them. The court declared the discrimination irrational because it did not further substantial goal of the state (Petronicolos and New, 1999). Marshall maintained that an individual interest in education is fundamental and denial of public education based on class goes against the grains of Equal Protection Clause as set out in the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Brennan in Plyler opined that aliens of undocumented or illegal immigration status do not belong to ‘suspect class’ hence do not deserve extraordinary protection from majoritarian political process. This was far from the truth because aliens with undocumented status have over time been repeatedly abused, physically and psychologically, by the members of the majoritarian political process. Brennan is sympathetic about the plight of undocumented children with regard to education but fails to understand why the state has to protect them. Brennan in his dissenting ruling tries to address issues that touch on efficient means of achieving specific societal and political goals like fiscal health and public order. He, however, fails to address issues that touch on person’s interest in educational opportunity or the classification employed to limit these opportunities. This becomes apparent when Brennan states that exercise of congressional power stands to affect the prerogatives of the state to afford differential treatment to particulate class of aliens. He is categorical that with regard to special constitutional sensitivity that the Plyler case presented and in absence of contrary indication fairly discernible in the present legislative record, there is no national policy that supports the state in denying undocumented children their elementary education (Petronicolos and New, 1999). In 2002, No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act was implemented. With the Act, the schools had to be accountable for the academic performance of limited English speaking children and the immigrant children. The Act literally changed the profile of the nation’s elementary and secondary student population. With the Act, the schools had to report assessment results for immigrant and undocumented children. Schools were moreover accountable for the betterment of the performance of these children. Schools that after some long period of time did not sufficiently improve the performance of these protected groups of students were subject to interventions. If the conditions fail to improve, the government is under obligation to close such schools. The Act also obligated schools where immigrant students and undocumented children learned to measure and improve their English proficiency. In fact, there is a provision in law that supports states and school districts creation of new assessment of English proficiency (Capps et al., n.d). How existing policies affect undocumented children access to education Statistics indicate that unauthorized immigrants make up almost 25% of all immigrants in the United States. However, this reasonable percentage has never ceased to be at the heart of policy impasse. Their children have become subject of unrecognized development consequences because the parents are perceived to exist in the shadow of law. Despite the fact that these youths consider themselves Americans in spirits and voice, they are nonetheless illegal in the eyes of the law. Undocumented children status is at times derogatively called ‘illegal’ without regard to the fact that they had no hand in determining where they were to be born. This was purely, their parent’s decision. The term undocumented is at times blanketly applied even if some immigrants have some form of documentation but quite often find themselves in a long wait for pending formal legal outcome. The September 11th terrorist attack in the U.S. compounded the problems faced by the legal and illegal immigrants and their children (Suarez-Orozco et al., 2011). The Visa application process has become so protracted. Children of legal immigrants who lose their jobs, consequently lose their visas and the right to stay in the United States. Regularization process that is followed for one to become a legal immigrant is long and torturous. This sometimes discourages some parents from taking their children for documentation. The process entails too much bureaucracy and higher rates of denial. Children born after their parents have stayed in the U.S. for more than two years have to wait up to when they are adults to undergo regularization process. The parents of these children meanwhile remain under threat of deportation. Undocumented status normally subject children to labyrinth of liminality that interferes with their stages of development in myriad ways. These children grow up without shared bundles of rights and obligations that structure a person’s social behavior. Another problem that undocumented children have to contend with is getting enrolled in under-resourced schools that are highly segregated. There are limited engaging opportunities in these institutions. Because of the long regularization process, parents normally attempt to regularize themselves before bringing their children. These children have to stay away from their parents. Latino children, regardless of the Plyler v. Doe ruling, face a lot of challenges with regard to their educational prospects (Suarez-Orozco et al., 2011). The education that the Latino children receive only helps in their personal growth and not for the betterment of overall conditions of the Latinos in the United States since they are banished from participating in democratic processes (Lopez, 2005). Conclusion The Californian Proposition 187 and Gallegly Amendment could have sealed the fate of Undocumented children access to free public schools had it not been for the intervention of President Bill Clinton who vetoed it. The majority ruling in Plyler v. Doe that invoked provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment also brought some glimmer of hope to the undocumented children with regard to their education. However, the Plyler majority ruling has not been very significant as undocumented children across the United States, including the Latino’s in California still suffer the consequences of Proposition 187. The future of undocumented children however, seems bright in the perspective of the inception of Dream Act. Reference List Capps, R., Fix, M., Murray J., Ost, J., and Passel, J.S. (n.d). The New Demography of  America’s Schools: Immigration and the No Child Left Behind Act. Washington: The Urban Institute. Hogan and Hartson, (2009). Legal Issues for School Districts Related to the Education  of Undocumented Children. Washington: National School Boards Association. Immigration Policy Center. (2011). The Dream Act: Creating Opportunities for immigrant  students and Supporting the U.S. Economy. Washington: Immigration Policy Center. Lopez, M.P. (2005). Reflections on Educating Latino and Latina Undocumented Children: Beyond Plyler v. Doe. Seton Hall Law Review, 35(1373). Petronicolos, L., and New, W.S. (1999). Anti-Immigrant Legislation, Social Justice, and the Right to Equal Educational Opportunity. American Educational Research  Journal, 36(3), 373-408. Suarez-Orozco, C., Yoshikawa, H., Teranishi, R.T., and Suarez-Orozco, M.M. (2011). Growing up in the Shadows: The development implications of Unauthorized Status. Harvard Educational Review, 81(3). This research paper on Undocumented Childhood in the United States was written and submitted by user Taraji Michael to help you with your own studies. 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